From Precursors to Performance: Diverse Synthesis Strategies for Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Abstract

Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) have garnered significant attention owing to their unique redox properties, high surface-to-volume ratio, and exceptional biocompatibility. This review systematically explores the diverse methodologies employed for the synthesis of CeO₂ NPs, including conventional physicochemical techniques and emerging green synthesis approaches leveraging plant extracts and biomolecular mediators for sustainable production. The multifunctional applications of CeO₂ NPs are critically examined, with a focus on their catalytic efficiency, environmental remediation capabilities, and roles in energy storage systems. Additionally, their biomedical applications, particularly in oxidative stress modulation, anti-inflammatory therapies, and wound healing, are highlighted. Advanced applications such as photocatalytic degradation of pollutants and their integration into hybrid nanocomposites for energy storage and conversion are discussed in detail. The review also addresses current limitations in the scalability and functional optimization of CeO₂ NPs, offering insights into prospective research directions. This comprehensive analysis underscores the pivotal role of CeO₂ NPs in advancing sustainable nanotechnologies and fostering interdisciplinary innovation.